John Lynch

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John Lynch, Courtesy Ballarat Heritage Services.

Background

Born Ennis, County Clare, Ireland on 25 December 1826. [1]

Lynch first mined at Magpie in September 1853. [2]He was married by Fr Patrick Smyth just before Eureka.[3]

Hi died on 21 March 1906 at Smythesdale and is buried in the Smythesdale Cemetery. [4]

Gravestone of John Lynch Photograph: Clare Gervasoni
Gravestone of John Lynch and his family Photograph: Clare Gervasoni

Goldfields Involvement, 1854

Lynch was a participant at the Eureka Stockade battle, being a Captain under Peter Lalor. Before the attack on Eureka Stockade, a final licence hunt was undertaken by the government forces. John Lynch, one of Peter Lalor's "Captains", and an educated Irishman, wrote:

" It was at this critical juncture, when men's minds were seething with passion, that another hunting raid was got up, and carried out with so many incidents of undisguised truculence as to leave no doubt of its having been intended to provoke hostilities. It was meant for a challenge, and as such was accepted."

A Digger Hunt, Federation University Historical Collection( Cat. No. 4170)

After the battle Lynch helped conceal Peter Lalor in a hole and covered him with slabs. Lynch claimed that the greatest loss of life took place after the Stockade battle.[5]

Lynch was one of the Prisoners held after the Eureka Stockade but was released without being tried for treason.[6]

Post 1854 Experiences

After the Eureka Stockade Lynch was one of the first to ‘rush’ to Smythe’s Creek in 1855, where he became district surveyor. Lynch played a prominent role in education and the Council at Smythesdale, becoming the first Chairman of the Municipality of Browns and Scarsdale in 1862. [7]

On the second anniversary of the Eureka Stockade battle, Lynch led a small procession to the site of the stockade, and read address to those who were gathered.[8]

John Lynch was the mining surveyor for the Smythe's Creek Division of the Ballarat Mining District Number 6, which included the goldfields of Haddon, Smythesdale , Scarsdale, Happy Valley, Linton, Carngham and Springdallah.[9]

John and Isabella Lynch had five sons and a daughter who lived to adulthood, while the other eight died tragically of diptheria in 1872. [10] Arthur Lynch and John Lynch junior were two of the sons who survived and they became famous in their own right.

In 1873 Lynch was an examiner for scientific subjects at the Ballarat School of Mines. [11]

At the time of the 50th anniversary of Eureka Lynch was described as a bent form leaning on the arm of his son, Captain Lynch of the 3rd Battalion, Victorian Rangers Volunteers. As they passed many older men doffed their hats. He is buried with his wife and children at Smythesdale.[12]

Obituary

Mr. John Lynch, one of the early pioneers of Ballarat, and last of the captains who fought under Peter Lalor at the Eureka Stockade, died at Smythesdale yesterday. Deceased, who was a native of County Clare, and 80 years of age, arrived in Victoria in 1852. He was a widower, and leaves a family of four sons and one daughter. One son, Arthur, fought with the Boers against the British in the South African campaign, and was subsequently elected to the British House of Commons by an Irish constituency. He was con victed of high treason, but eventually released.[13]

Family

John Lynch married Isabella. She died aged 63 and was buried at Smythesdale.

In the News

... At the Police Court on Saturday, Michael Kennedy, William Develin, John Pardy, Patrick Kennedy, James Sexton, Daniel Macartney, James Ashburn, John Leadow, Herman Steinman, William Wickley, William Somerville, Jeremiah Hogan, William Avondale, Samuel Penny, Patrick Hickey, Joseph Walker, John Kelly, Cornelius Peters, William Stafford, Carl Anderson (a Swede), Patrick Meade, and Michael Gleeson, were discharged. In some of these cases there was either no evidence against the prisoners, or they were only proved guilty of living in the neighborhood of the stockade, and giving no information as to its erection. Edmund Bohen, Michael Meagher, William Galloway, James Barclay, Michael Butler, John Lynch; and Chas Doolan, were defended by Mr Dunne, and discharged. ... [14]


GOLD-SEEKERS OF THE FIFTIES. - THE LEADERS OF EUREKA. MEN AND MOUNTEBANKS.
Every great fight has its heroes. The historian is sometimes silent as to them, but in long after years, when time has ripened to their opportunity, when the weakened memory of the living and the silence of the dead have made corroboration vague, they come from a modest retirement, and admit their prowess. Eureka is the great est of Australian fights—in fact, the only fight—and it too has its worthies. Their deeds, like those of Falstaff, grow in the recital. Thus quite a hundred men were standard-bearers at Eureka, and carried the Southern Cross. Quite half as many sheltered Peter Lalor, scores nursed him, and a dozen at least escorted him through the bush to Geelong when there was a price on his head. It would be cruel almost to disbelieve these men, for by long practice many of them have come to believe themselves. But this element of after- romance has made the telling of the story of Eureka somewhat difficult. It was ever a delicate matter to handle, for the motives of those who fought on Eureka Hill were as wide as their nationalities. The one great purpose—resistance to the gold license and the detestable practice of digger-hunting—may be freely recognised. The worst of it is that those who look upon the men of Eureka as being all brave, high-minded, high-souled reformers will see no other motive than this one; while those who hold by the law admit it as the last motive of all. They see in Eureka only the desperate resource of a band of rebellious agitators. Either of these extremes misses the mark, but the prevalence of party statement renders it difficult to sift the wheat from the chaff, and makes it essential almost that one should skip controversial matter in telling the story of a desperately foolish but all the same a gallant undertaking.
The foreign element was largely mixed up in Eureka—it did most of the talking and boasting, but, as often happens in such a case, least of the fighting. In the runing it was foremost. Some of the men who fought there knew it, and, as Mr. John Lynch says, were impressed when the brave, kindly old general, Sir Robert Nickle, who had often led the Connaught Rangers, said, "I would rather have you Irishmen before Sebastopol than in a thing like this. Why didn't you Britons settle your differences between yourselves, instead of allowing foreigners to meddle in your domestic affairs?" Yet not all the foreigners ran, for some of them died bravely and like men under the palisades of Eureka, seeing through to the bitter end that to which they had put their hand. The story of Eureka, the fight, the flight, and all connected with it, cannot be told in a single article. The better way, perhaps, were to begin with a few words as to the more picturesque of the men who figured in it.
Highest of all in the group looms the figure of Peter Lalor, whose after-prominence in Victorian political life commemorated by a statue in the main street of Ballarat, has made him the one man whom very many people to-day are able to associate by memory with the Eureka fight. He came to Ballarat first a young, stalwart, handsome Irishman, standing nearly 6ft. in height, with dark brown hair and beard, the firm upper lip and powerful neck always clean shaved. In manner a quiet, unassuming young fellow, with the air of an educated, well-bred man, he at first took no part in the agitation, and only came prominently into notice when, after the formation of the Diggers' Reform League, a fighting leader was required, and fighters, as apart from "spouters," had become suddenly scarce. Lalor was a man who neither by training nor disposition was inclined to turn the other cheek. His family was a historic one in Queen's County, Ireland, tracing back to the chieftains of Glenmalure and Slievmargy. His people had been patriots or rebels—as you please—from the time of the Tudor intrusion, and his father, a member of the Imperial Parliament, was a follower of O'Connell. The speech in which Lalor took command of the men of Eureka was essentially a manly one. "I have not the presumption," he said, "to assume the chief command, no more than any other man who means well in the cause of the diggers. I shall be glad to see the best among us take the lead. If, however, you appoint me as your commander-in-chief I shall not shrink. I mean to do my duty as a man. I tell you, gentlemen, that if once I pledge my hand to the diggers, I will neither defile it with treachery nor render it contemptible with cowardice."
There was a time just before Eureka when two currents of public feeling which had hitherto followed the same channel diverged. Peter Lalor headed the more turbulent stream; the milder followed the lead of John Basson Humffrey, a man who took no part in the rebellion, but was a recognised leader in the agitation which led up to it. He was a mild man who opposed the extreme step, and thought the end would be gained by legitimate agitation. It required courage to give such counsel then, for one man named Frazer who advocated it at a meeting on Bakery Hill would have been torn to pieces but for the intervention of the chairman. Humffray has been described by one of his compatriots as a man "with a quiet sort of John Bull smile." He was in turn exalted as a hero and denounced as a traitor, and the term "Apostle of Peace" was applied to him in anything but a complimentary sense. He saw the folly of armed resistance, the use-lessness of burning licenses, through which policy the diggers thought every man on Ballarat must be arrested and the camp overwhelmed with prisoners. It has been urged that Humffray, as a leader, went too far if he were not prepared to take the extreme step, and it is a fact that up to the last he was expected to assume command. From beginning to end he was, however, a man true to the diggers' cause, and who fought for it according to his lights. When years afterwards representatives were required for Ballarat the two men chosen were Lalor and Humffray.
Every tragedy has in it some elements of burlesque. That of Eureka was largely supplied by two foreigners—Colonel C. H. F. de la Vern, a Hanoverian, and Signor Carboni Raffaello de Roma—an Italian. The names and titles take up some space, but they are worth it. As often happens with mountebanks in the same line of business, the two cordially detested each other, and so one gets at their real characters.
Vern was a long man, whose legs were so obviously made for retreat that they took the initiative, and carried the gallant fellow off over the back of the stockade the instant the first shot was fired. A captain of pikemen who saw him run called on someone to shoot him, but Vern was too good a sprinter. He claimed to be a military strategist, and a specialist in fortification. The only strategy he displayed was in leaving hurriedly for the Warrenheip Ranges, and the Eureka Stockade, the outcome of his skill in fortifications, was a howling farce. It had been designed on the basis that the troops would attack from one direction. But, as troops often do, they came over at the back, where there was no protection worth the name. One great and undeserved honour was paid to Vern. Imagining him to be a leader, the Crown offered £500 for his arrest, and only £200 for Lalor. Vern had really expected to be leader, and sulked when the young Irishman was appointed. He talked much of a German legion he had enrolled, and which was to rush to arms the minute the Southern Cross waved from Eureka Hill. This was the original legion that never was listed—at least nothing was ever heard of it.
His rival, Raffaello, was something less of a poltroon perhaps, but still one braver in argument than fight. He was a fiery little Vesuvius, who at the meetings moved everything in the direction of extremes. The "hated Austrian rule" was dragged into all his speeches, and he claimed to have fought under Garibaldi. He had seen so much of active service, indeed, that when it came to fighting at Eureka he graciously allowed others to get to the front for their baptism of fire, and retired to the shelter of a well-built turf chimney, the best protection against bullets that the stockade afforded. He has written a book on Eureka—a wild mass of rodomontade that reads very curiously now. It begins with the magnificent assertion, "I undertake to do what an honest man should do, let it thunder or rain." He announced his book for sale at Eureka "from the rising to the setting of the sun," on the anniversary of the fight, and there publicly mourned his ost comrades and the lost cause—quite oblivious of the fact that through Eureka that cause had been won. He appears to have had an Italian eye for small economies, and on leaving Ballarat a prisoner, he wept, not for the poor fellows he had talked to their death on Eureka Hill, but for the loss of his tent and puddling machine. He was known as "Great Works," a pet phrase of his—but Great Talks would have been much more appropriate.
It was not so with all the foreigners, though. In the rank and file were men who fought well. Few were better known on Ballarat than Edward Thonan, the poor Prussian lemonade seller, who carried his keg around amongst the claims. He stood to the brest-work till a bullet passed through his mouth and killed him. Another big German blacksmith was busy within the stockade forging pikes and spear-heads for days before the fight. As the soldiers came over the stockade with a gallant rush, the big German, fighting bravely, picked out Lieutenant Richards, and made a dash for him, but the officer, in fair fight, ran him through and killed him.
It is a curious coincidence, indeed, that nearly all the orators of Eureka cut a poor figure in the fight. Some apology is needed for mentioning them at all, but they were picturesque characters in the life of the time, unlike so many of the silent fellows who simply took the post given them and fought till they were overwhelmed. One of the fiercest of rebels up to a certain stage was Thomas Kennedy, a voluble little Scot, whose large aim in life was the regeneration of mankind. He had all the attractive phrases of the Chartists on his tongue, a remarkable facility for making speeches that were rarely to the point, but which breathed always resistance to the death. A favourite couplet in his platform address was—"Moral suasion is all a humbug, Nothing convinces like a lick o' the lug."
No one's "lug" tingled from any blow struck by Mr. Kennedy at Eureka. One of his last outbursts before the battle was:— "On, on, my brave comrades; before to- morrow's sun shall have set Victoria willhave lost one of the brightest jewels in her crown." He flourished a sword as well as a tongue in quite a tremendous way, but before a shot was fired became, it is said, absorbed in a pipeclay drive at the bottom of a disused shaft, and so missed the chance of striking that blow in revenge for his murdered mate Scobie, of which he had so often boasted.
Another very voluble—if not in the fighting sense valuable—man was Timothy Hayes, who acted as chairman at the diggers' meetings, and was to have hammered home bullets behind the palisades as deftly as he did arguments on the platform. Mr. Hayes had a turn for rhetoric, a strong partiality for such sonorous defiance as— "The sun shall see our country free, Or set upon our graves."
His last speech before the fight wound up with the fateful words, "Are you prepared to die?" Mr. Hayes was apparently not quite prepared. It may have been his misfortune, though, rather than his fault—for men came to the stockade and left it as they pleased—that at the time of the fight he was absent without leave, and took no part in it.
So much has been said of the mounted banks of Eureka that the belief may gain ground that they were a majority. If puerile, they were, as has been said, picturesque, hence the prominence given to them.
If one man on Ballarat had more right than another to protest against gold-getting being made difficult, it was surely James Esmond, the first discoverer of gold in Victoria—not a chance discoverer either, as one who stumbles upon a nugget in his path, but an observant man, who applied the experience he had gained elsewhere. He was a quiet man, who said little, thought a great deal, and backed up the opinions he held with a stern, resolute courage. Such men were plentiful enough at Eureka, in spite of the buffoons and charlatans who aspired to lead them. While others were talking Esmond set to work, so that the miners who meant to fight might be properly armed for the encounter. Another of much the same mould was John Manning—a very fine fellow indeed, but a man who would stand no nonsense. Equally honest and earnest was the like- able Lieutenant Ross, a Canadian, and one of Lalor's captains at Eureka. His one wish was to resent as men the insults to which the diggers had been subjected. He fought well in the grey dawn of that Sunday morning until he was shot in the groin and died soon afterwards of his wounds.
No one in Ballarat to-day needs to be told of what stamp of man Mr. John Lynch, the well-known surveyor, Smythesdale, is. None more upright, loyal, and honourable—yet he, too, fought under Lalor at Eureka. He lives to tell the story now, probably because he took the precaution when manning the palisade to close up the open spaces with some of the loose planks lying about. "How the fight was to benefit us," he explained, "I never could see. But then, like others, I didn't moralise over the matter at all, but just took out my miner's right and burned it." Mr. Lynch on joining was told off to the Californian Independent Rifle Brigade, most of whom were only armed, though, with revolvers and knives. It was commandered by James McGill, largely on the strength of his own statement that he had had a military education at West Point. He left his Californian Rangers to fight without the help of his skilled control, for he, too, was absent without leave. There was one Shanahan, in whose tent the councils of war were held, but that fact did not inspire him to valour, for he took refuge behind a bag of flour, which was quite bullet-proof. A contrast was Patrick Curtain, captain of the hopeless, helpless Pikemen, whose share in the fray was just to be shot at, and Thaddeus Moore, who had a bullet through both his thighs, and died of his wounds. John Robertson, a pugnacious Scot, fell full of wounds, and, being somewhat like the Italian Raffaello, those who found him said, "Poor Great Works, he had some fight in him after all." "Their joy on finding I was not dead," says the Italian himself, "was pleasing to me." Robertson didn't count for much—except as a casualty. The first man wounded at Eureka was a miner named Downes. He was fighting alongside John Lynch, and staggered back, with a bullet through his shoulder, crying out "I'm shot!" "Don't worry," said his comrade, "that may be all our case soon," and just at the instant John Diamond rolled away from the palisades— dead. Some who died at Eureka were known by not even a name to their leaders. One of them has come down to us as "Happy Jack," while a big blackfellow, whose name and fate are alike a mystery, has been described as one of the pluckiest fighters in the Stockade.
One name has often been mentioned in connection with Eureka—Raffaello's book teems with execration of it—the name Goodenough. The business of a spy, though a detestable one in popular fancy, was a task that in this case demanded nerve. Goodenough was a sergeant of the forces, who went in with the miners to spy out their works, and it was because of his reports as to preparations at the Stockade that the sudden night surprise was determined on. Sergeant Goodenough took his life in his hands, for had his mission been suspected he would have been hanged on the flagstaff of the Stockade. When all is said, indeed, the name of Goodenough comes down out of the distance with far less of contempt than upon those who execrated it—empty-headed, noisy charla- tans such as Raffaello and Vern. [15]


Arthur Lynch, the son of John Lynch, was a figure of much controversy as the following newspaper report outlines:

COLONEL LYNCH. - DESPITE the fact that there were several papers in this State which were distinctly pro-Boer in their attitude during the South African campaign (says the Forbes Times), it is interesting to note that with one or two exceptions there are none of the New South Wales journals sympathetic with Lynch in the treatment meted out to him by the Imperial authorities. Because a traitor happens to belong to this particular portion of the Imperial Domain that is no reason why we should either justify his criminal acts or sympathise with him in his punishment. The REVIEW OF REVIEWS is perhaps the last paper to express its opinion, and it is refreshing to read its remarks as follows : -
Australia sent brave and loyal men to South Africa, and added a new ray to the glory of the British flag there; but it has also supplied the one conspicuous example of an open and active traitor! Arthur Lynch is Australian by birth, but there is a lawless-if not a rebel-strain in his very blood. His father fought on the diggers' side in the famous Eureka Stockade. Lynch himself is a man of real intellectual ability. He took the M.A. and C.E. degrees at the Melbourne University, studied science at Berlin, lived for a time in Paris, was war correspondent in Ashanti, and is familiar with almost every land and every clime on the planet. The sense of citizenship in any nation must have grown very faint in him. There was a vagabond ferment in his blood. He drifted into South Africa, accepted with cheerful facility Boer citizenship, fought against the British flag; and, directly the war was over, 'shed' his Transvaal nationality with the same light-hearted ease with which he had adopted it, and became a candidate for a seat in the House of Commons, and was duly elected- That Mr. Lynch could one week be firing on British soldiers as a Boer officer, and the next week, or thereabouts, take his seat in the British House of Common as a British legislator, was too much for even the lazy good nature of John Bull, and Mr. Arthur Lynch was tried and; convicted of high treason. There is not one grain of Australian sympathy with him.[16]

Obituary

Walter E. Pidgeon, Illustration from The Eureka Stockade by Raffaello Carboni, Sunnybrook Press, 1942, offset print.
Art Gallery of Ballarat, purchased 1994.
Mr Lynch was one of Lalor’s Captains, and fought beside him at the stockade. On his arrival at the Ballarat diggings his strong and sturdy personality soon made its impression on the diggers, so that he became a leader amongst them. After the historic fight, Mr Lynch who was a working miner like the bulk of the population at the time followed this occupation for many years.
When the Smythe’s Creek rush broke out he was the first to go to it. He subsequently built his house near Fraser’s Hill and lived there for more than half a century. Soon after his arrival the local Mining Board was constituted and he was appointed the position as chairman.
He was a very well educated man and a fine mathematician – a gift he handed on to his sons. He was a ready reader and a keen logician. Mr Lynch later became the first examiner in mathematics at the School of Mines.
Lynch was a sympathetic man, charitable almost to a fault and stood in the front rank of public life so long that he became, as it were, a mentor whom all in his own district willingly looked to for advice and guidance.
He was a councillor of the Borough of Smythesdale and later the first chairman of the Borough of Brown’s and Scarsdale.
For the last 12 months he lived almost in seclusion, owing to his great age and infirmities, and the end came peacefully: the old man died in his sleep. [17]


EUREKA VETERAN DEAD. - :FATHER OF "COLONEL" LYNCH. :SMYTHESDALE. Wednesday. - Deep regret was felt here when it became known that Mr John Lynch, mining surveyor for the Smythesdale district, has died. The deceased, who had been in failing health for the last four or five years, became unconscious on Monday last, and remained so until his death on Wednesday. Mr. Lynch, who was 80 years of age, was born in County Clare, Ireland, and left for the Victorian goldfields in the early fifties. He followed mining pursuits, and was ultimately elected by the diggers as surveyor for Warren's Lead, the appointment being afterwards confirmed by the Government.
He was also one of those who took an active part in the historic Eureka riot, being one of Peter Lalor's lieutenants. Years ago he was prominent in all local movements, and was elected a councillor of the borough of Smythesdale in 1861. A few years afterwards, he was one of those who formed the borough of Browns and Scarsdale. Mr Lynch was married in Ballarat in 1857, his wife having pre-deceased him by a few years. The surviving family consists of Captain J. Lynch, Mr Maurice Lynch, M.B., Mr Peter Lynch, L.R.C.S., Mr. Arthur Lynch, M. A., ex-member for Galway in the British House of Commons, and best known as "Colonel" Lynch during the South African war; Mr Thomas Lynch, a surveyor in West Australian; and one daughter, Miss B. Lunch. The funeral, which is of a private character, is to take place to-morrow (Thursday).[18]


Mr. John Lynch,' one of the pioneers of Ballarat, and the last of the captains who fought under Peter Lalor at the Eureka Stockade, died to-day at his residence of Smythesdale. The deceased , who was a native of County Clare, was 80 years of age. He was a member of one of the oldest and most influential families in the South of Ireland, and arrived in Victoria in 1852. He worked as a digger at Bendigo for some time, but the prospects of Ballarat proved more alluring, and he finally set out for Eureka. In the fight at the stockade between the British soldiers, and the diggers he was in command of the Pikemen, and was among those who were subsequently arrested for resisting the supremacy of the law, but he was not included among the thirteen insurgents who were conveyed to Melbourne to stand their trial for high treason on the conclusion of peace. With the termination of the State trials Mr. Lynch, who was a first-class mathematician, and a classical scholar, adopted the profession of a surveyor, and on settling in the Smythesdale district, he engaged largely in the work of surveying the surrounding gold- fields. For nearly 50 years he acted as Government surveyor in the district, and was professionally associated with the Grand Trunk, the Reform, and other well known mining properties. The deceased was a fluent speaker, and on the occasion of public gatherings in connection with the Eureka Stockade his utterances were al- ways heard with great interest, lie was a widower, and left a family of four sons and one daughter. His sons are Captain Lynch (chairman of the Country Fire Brigades Board), Dr. Peter Lynch "(of Carlton), Dr. Maurice Lynch, and Mr. Arthur Lynch, M.A., M.B., who fought with the Boers against the British in the South African campaign, and was subsequently elected to the British House of Commons by an Irish constituency. The deceased some years ago sustained a severe bereavement by the death of seven of his children from diarrhea within a few days.[19]


EXIT JOHN LYNCH - The passing out of John Lynch, aged at 80, at Ballarat on Wednesday, recalls to old Victorians, Australians, in fact, memories of the famous Eureka Stockade. Lynch was one of the men who stood in the forefront of the men who stood in the forefront of the fight which Peter Lalor led against the bureaucrats who sought to sap their liberty.
Deceased was of a firm, resolute nature which brooked no tyranny. This characteristic he seems to have imparted to his son, Arthur, who fought in the Boer war as a Boer colonel, was tried and convicted of treason, but was subsequently released.
Another son, Thomas, is employed in the Survey Department at Perth, in which service he is very well advanced. [20]

See also

J.B. Humffray

Peter Lalor

Isabella Lynch

Pikemen

Prisoners

Further Reading

Corfield, J., Wickham, D., & Gervasoni, C. The Eureka Encyclopaedia, Ballarat Heritage Services, 2004.

Lynch, John, The Story of the Eureka Stockade (facsimile), Ballarat Heritage Services.

Mentioned on Rev. T.J. Linnane's List.[21]

References

  1. List of names of people who figured in the life of Ballarat before and during the Eureka Rebellion of 3 December 1854, unpublished.
  2. List of names of people who figured in the life of Ballarat before and during the Eureka Rebellion of 3 December 1854, unpublished.
  3. Wickham, D., Gervasoni, C. & Phillipson, W., Eureka Research Directory, Ballarat Heritage Services, 1999.
  4. List of names of people who figured in the life of Ballarat before and during the Eureka Rebellion of 3 December 1854, unpublished.
  5. Wickham, D., Gervasoni, C. & Phillipson, W., Eureka Research Directory, Ballarat Heritage Services, 1999.
  6. List of names of people who figured in the life of Ballarat before and during the Eureka Rebellion of 3 December 1854, unpublished.
  7. Wickham, D., Gervasoni, C. & Phillipson, W., Eureka Research Directory, Ballarat Heritage Services, 1999.
  8. Wickham, D., Gervasoni, C. & Phillipson, W., Eureka Research Directory, Ballarat Heritage Services, 1999.
  9. Historic Happenings, January 1992, No. 82
  10. Historic Happenings, January 1992, No. 82
  11. Wickham, D., Gervasoni, C. & Phillipson, W., Eureka Research Directory, Ballarat Heritage Services, 1999.
  12. Wickham, D., Gervasoni, C. & Phillipson, W., Eureka Research Directory, Ballarat Heritage Services, 1999.
  13. NOrseman Times, 23 March 1906.
  14. The Argus, 12 December 1854.
  15. The Argus, 3 June 1899
  16. Dubbo Liberal and Macquarie Advocate, 4 March 1903.
  17. unnamed newspaper clipping, 1906.
  18. Argus, 22 March 1906.
  19. Adelaide Advertiser, 22 March 1906.
  20. Perth Sunday Times, 25 March 1906.
  21. List of names of people who figured in the life of Ballarat before and during the Eureka Rebellion of 3 December 1854, unpublished.

External links


Pikeman detail from the Peter Lalor Statue, Sturt Street, Ballarat. Courtesy Ballarat Heritage Services.