Ireland

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Kiltullagh, Galway, Ireland, 2016. Photograph Dorothy Wickham

Background

Many Irish people emigrated from their homeland due to the Potato Famine of the 1840s.[1] Some arrived in Australia as part of a scheme of assisted passage, others arrived unassisted.Some were arrested and transported to Australia as convicts. There were Irish amongst the multicultural pot pouri of diggers, storekeepers and professionals on the Victorian goldfields [2]

Eureka popularly is thought to have been an Irish Rebellion, and it is true that many Irish were involved. A detailed statistical analysis of the native place (or place of origin) of those that were associated with Eureka, however, has still to be undertaken.[3] According to the Census records (Religious Denominations, Ballarat Localities 1854, the Ballarat Goldfields comprised 2332 Church of England, 300 Protestant, 1099 Presbyterian, 472 Methodists 129 Independents, 76 Baptists, 88 Lutherans, 31 Unitarians, 5 Society of Friends, 54 'Other', 627 Catholic, 6 Latter Day Saints, 32 jews, 12 Free Thinkers, 57 Not specified and 166 Pagan.[4] Although many Irish were Catholic it is not safe to assume that all were who were on the goldfields. Martha and George Clendinning, born in Ireland, were stalwarts of the Church of England St Paul's Parish in Ballarat East.[5]

Many Irish born people were represented at the Eureka Stockade and they later filed for compensation for tents being burnt to the ground by the troopers and military.

Some Eureka historians have suggested that as well as most of the miners inside the stockade, in the area where the defensive position was established, the miners were overwhelmingly Irish. Even the password used at the Eureka Stockade – Vinegar Hill – was the scene of an 1804 Irish convict uprising in New South Wales.[6]


Irish Associated with Goldfields Agitation

A

James Abrey, born Dublin; Samuel Adams, born Co. Antrim

B

Margaret Baker, born Cork; Redmond Barry, Ballyclough, County Cork; William Baylie, born Cork; John Bell, born Enniskillen; Catherine Bentley, County Sligo; John Hill Birch, born Dungannon, County Tyrone, Northern Ireland; Michael Bolger, Born Kings County; James Bourke-Finn, born County Limerick; Hugh Brady[7], born County Cavan; James Breen, born Ireland; Edward Browne, Bandon near Cork; James Brown (from Ireland), born County Wexford[8]

C

John Cahill, born County Clare; Bridget Callinan [9];Catherine Callinan, born Kilnaboy, Corofin, County Clare; John Callinan, born Kilfenora, Corofin, County Clare; Michael Callinan[10], born County Clare.[11]; Patrick Callinan[12], born Kilfenora, County Clare. [13]; Thomas Callinan, born Kilfenora, County Clare. [14]; Michael Canny[15], born County Clare; Patrick Canny, born County Clare; Timothy Canty, born Limerick; Michael Carey, born Dublin; Patrick Carroll, born Castleconnel. County Limerick; Hussey Chomley, born Dublin; Martha Clendinning, born County Mayo; Denis Condon; James Cotter, born County Cork; John Crowe, born Paulstown, Kilkenny; Wilson Coulter, Born Armagh; Stephen Cumming; Patrick Curtain[16] born County Limerick; Patrick M. Curtain, born County Clare

D

William Delahunty, born Queens County.[17]; George Donaghy, Timothy Doyle, born Kilkenny; Thomas Polland, born County Down; Father Patrick Dunne, born Clonaslee, Leix; John Dunlop[18]; John Dynan[19]; Martin Diamond[20], born Castle Clare, County Clare; John Dalton[21]; George Donaghey, County Donegal[22]; Ann Duke, County Meath; Sarah Dunne; Dennis Dynan

E

William Ennis, born County Down; James Esmond[23]

G

Matthew Gavin[24]; George Gilmore[25]; Henry Gittins[26]; Patrick Gittings, born Kilkenny, Ireland; Michael Gleeson[27]; Henry Glenny, born Newry, County Down

H

Michael Hanley, born Tipperary; Mrs M. Hanley, born County Clare; Simon Hanley, born 1838, Mount Katherine, County Tipperary; Patrick Hanofin, born County Kerry; Michael Hanrahan[28] Born Ennis, County Clare; Jane Hanson, Born Ballynece, County Antrim; Henry Hannington, Born Derry, County Tyrone; Anastasia Hayes, born Castle, County Kilkenny.[29]; Timothy Hayes, born Kilkenny[30]; Richard Higgins, Born Killarney, County Kerry; Richard Hobson, born Connor, Antrim; George Higinbotham, born Dublin Patrick Howard[31], born Balldoyle, County Dublin; John Hynes, County Clare[32]; Thomas Hynes, County Clare

I

Richard Ireland, born Roscommon, County Galway; William Irwin; John Keenan, born Parsontown, King’s County

K

Michael Kenny, Six-Mile Bridge, County Clare; Dennis Keys, born Kilkenny; John King, Tumurah, County Down; Dennis Kinnane, born Killtullagh, County Galway; Margaret Kinnane, born Ballyvaughan, County Clare

L

Peter Lalor[33] born Tenakill, Queen's County (now Leix or Laoighis County); Morgan Lee[34], born Clydagh, Moycullen, County Galway; Abbott Lewis[35]; Martin Loughlin, born Castlewarren,near Kilkenny; John Lynch, born Ennis, Co. Clare[36] [37]; James Lynch, Born Kilcorney, County Clare; Adam Loftus Lynn

Q

Nancy Quinane, born County Tipperary, Ireland; Patrick Quinane, born County Tipperary, Ireland; Edward Quinn[38]

Robert Molesworth. Ballarat Heritage Services Picture Collection

M

Charles MacMahon, born Fecarry House, Omagh, County Tyrone; James Madden, born Armagh; William Madden[39]; William Madden, born Armagh; John Manning born Armagh[40]; Edward McGlynn, County Tipperary[41]; Catherine McLister, born County Donegal; Hugh McPhillimy, born County Tyrone; Robert Molesworth, born Dublin; William Melody - born Bonnyconnellan, Co. Mayo, Ireland - Patrick Moore, born Kilfenora County Clare Ireland; Thaddeus Moore, born County Clare[42]; Michael Morrison; Michael Mullins[43], Born County Limerick; Lawrence Murphy John Myles, County Limerick

N

M.F. Neylon, born County Clare; Bridget Nolan, born Monivae, County Galway; James Nolan, born Kilkenny

O

Michael O'Brien, Co. Wicklow; Bridget Nolan, born Monivea, County Galway; Patrick O'Day, Ballingary, Tipperary; Michael O'Dea, Kilteely, Co. Limerick; John O'Donnell, Cooraclare, County Clare; Michael O'Neil[44], born County Clare; Thomas O'Neill, born Paulstown, County Kilkenny; E. O'Mahony[45]; Michael O'Brien[46]; John O'Shannassy, born Thurles, County Tipperary; John O'Toole; Edward Riley, born Ballyborough, County Cavan

P

Mary Pilling, born Tipperary; Bridget Powell, born Limerick; Simon Pritzler; Thomas Pollard

Q

Timothy Quinn, born Tipperary

R

Matthew Ryan, born County Tipperary, Ireland

S

John Sadlier; Clara Seekamp; Bridget Shanahan, born Upperchurch, County Tipperary; Timothy Shanahan, born Carigeen, County Tipperary; Patrick Sheedy,[47] born Birdhill near Nenagh, County Tipperary, Ireland.[48]; Luke Sheehan[49]P.H. Smith, born County Mayo - William Stawell, born Old Court, County Cork; James Stewart, born Northern Ireland.

T

John Tighe, born County Galway - Michael Tuohy[50], County Clare; John Torpy[51]

W

James Warner, born County Cork

County Representation

County Armagh

Wilson Coulter; James Madden; William Madden[52]; William Madden; John Manning[53]


County Antrim

Samuel Adams; Jane Hanson, Born Ballynece; Richard Hobson, born Connor


County Cavan

Hugh Brady[54]; Edward Riley, born Ballyborough


County Clare

John Cahill; John Cahill; John Callinan, born Kilfenora, Corofin; Michael Callinan[55]; Patrick Callinan[56], born Kilfenora; Thomas Callinan, born Kilfenora[57]; Michael Canny[58]; Patrick Canny; Patrick M. Curtain; Martin Diamond[59], born Castle Clare; Dennis Dynan; Mrs M. Hanley; Michael Hanrahan[60] Born Ennis; John Hynes; Thomas Hynes; Michael Kenny, Six-Mile Bridge; Margaret Kinnane, born Ballyvaughan; John Lynch, born Ennis[61]; James Lynch, Born Kilcorney; Patrick Moore, born Kilfenora; Thaddeus Moore - M.F. Neylon; John O'Donnell, Cooraclare, Co Clare; Michael O'Neil, born County Clare; Michael Tuohy[62]


County Cork

Margaret Baker (Brady); Redmond Barry, Ballyclough; William Baylie; James Cotter; Edward Browne, born Bandon near Cork; William Stawell, born Old Court; James Warner


County Donegal

George Donaghy; Catherine McLister

County Down

William Ennis; John King, born Tumurah; Thomas Polland; Henry Glenny, born Newry


County Dublin

James Abrey; Michael Carey; George Higinbotham; Patrick Howard[63], born Balldoyle; Robert Molesworth


County Fermanagh

John Bell, born Enniskillen


County Galway

Richard Ireland, born Roscommon; Dennis Kinnane, born Killtullagh; Morgan Lee[64], born Clydagh, Moycullen; Michael Morrison; Bridget Nolan, born Monevae; Luke Sheehan; John Tighe


County Kerry

Patrick Hanofin - Richard Higgins, Born Killarney


County Kilkenny

John Crowe, born Paulstown; Anastasia Hayes, born Castle[65]; Timothy Hayes[66]; Dennis Keys; Martin Loughlin, born Castlewarren, near Kilkenny; Thomas O'Neill, born Paulstown; James Nolan


Kings County

Michael Bolger; John Keenan, born Parsontown


County Leix/Laois

Father Patrick Dunne, born Clonaslee


County Limerick

James Bourke-Finn; Timothy Canty; Patrick Carroll, born Castleconnel; Patrick Curtain; Patrick Gittings; Michael Mullins[67]; John Myles; Michael O'Dea, Kilteely; Bridget Powell

County Mayo

Martha Clendinning - William Melody, born Bonnyconnellan - P.H. Smith

County Meath

Ann Duke


Queens County

William Delahunty[68]; Sarah Dunne; Peter Lalor[69] born Tenakill, Queen's County (now Leix or Laoighis County)


County Sligo

Catherine Bentley


County Tipperary

Michael Hanley; Simon Hanley, born 1838; Edward McGlynn; Nancy Quinane; Patrick Quinane; Timothy Quinn; Patrick O'Day, Ballingary; Mary Pilling; John O'Shannassy, born Thurles; Matthew Ryan; Bridget Shanahan, born Upperchurch; Timothy Shanahan, born Carigeen; Patrick Sheedy,[70] born Birdhill near Nenagh


County Tyrone, Northern Ireland

John Hill Birch, born Dungannon; [[Henry Hannington], born Derry, Charles MacMahon, born Fecarry House, Omagh; Hugh McPhillimy


County Wexford

James Brown (from Ireland), James Esmond, Enniscorthy, County Wexford; Adam Loftus Lynn, born Inyard; Edward McGlynn


County Wicklow

Michael O'Brien

Irish at Eureka

Walter E. Pidgeon, Illustration from The Eureka Stockade by Raffaello Carboni, Sunnybrook Press, 1942, offset print.
Art Gallery of Ballarat, purchased 1994.
A Birthplace of Freedom.
The Government officials at first completely lost; their heads in face of the difficulty of dealing with the thousands who were drawn to the goldfield. £3 was charged at length for a license to dig, and so brutal was the inquisition to which people on the field were subjected that a crisis was inevitable. Other phases of stupid tyranny, such as not allowing a digger to cultivate a vegetable patch on his ground, &c, were not wanting to intensify the feeling of dissatisfaction. At length, when respectful representations to Governor Sir Charles Hotham (a retired naval officer) had beenrepulsed in true quarter-deck style, an indignation meeting was held, under the presidency of a genial and popular Irishman — Mr. Timothy Hayes — at which 12,000 diggers con signed their licenses to the flames of a bonfire as a protest against the intolerable tyranny of Of ficialdom. Four of the principal speakers at the meeting were Messrs. Lalor, Quinn, Murnane, and Brady. Next day an unexpected 'digger hunt' — the last — was made under a military display. The diggers, unprepared for, and not desiring, active hostilities, were driven to their camp, from which a number of men were removed as prisoners. The result of that day's work was open war between the gold-fields' population and the Crown, No sooner had the police and the military returned with a number of prisoners to the Govern ment Camp, than the diggers assembled en masse on their old meeting-ground, Bakery Hill, ap pointed a council of war, and elected Peter Lalor (son of the late member for the Queen's County, and brother of the present member) as their commander-in-chief. A declaration of independence based on the American model was drawn up and signed, and a new silken flag — the Southern Cross — five silver stars forming- a cross on a blue ground — was unfurled to the breeze. Beneath this diggers' standard, Lalor, as commander-in-chief, took his stand and administered the following oath to his men : 'We swear by the Southern Cross to stand truly by each other and fight to defend our rights and liberties.' It was in that portion of the goldfields known as the Eureka, and principally inhabitated by Irish diggers, that the fortified camp of the 'rebels' as they were now officially described, was erected. It consisted of an entrenched stockade, that was capable of being made a place of great strength if the diggers had had time to utilize its natural advantages, and place it in a proper state of defence. It occupied an area of about an acre, rudely enclosed with strong slabs. Within the stockade drilling now became the main business of the hour; the diggers council of war sat almost continuously ; blackssmith were kept at work night and day forging pikes. 'Let those who cannot provide themselves with firearms procure a piece of steel five or six inches long, attached to a pole, and that will pierce the tyrants' hearts,' were the words of the com niander-in-chief to his men. Patrick Curtain was the chosen captain of the pikemen, and and Michael Hanrahan was their lieutenant. Early on the morning of Sunday, December 3rd, 1854, the assault was made by the combined forces oi the military and the police under the command of Colonel Thomas, of the 40th regi ment. The insurgent diggers, commanded by Mr. Peter Lalor, made a brave and desperate resistance; the pikeman (an almost exclusively Irish detachment) stood their ground in double file around the enclosure and repelled several charges of cavalry ; volley after volley was poured into the stockade and answered by the diggers, until their want of ammunition and comparative unpreparedness became apparent. After half an hour's desperate hand-to-hand fighting, the Eureka stockade was surrounded and carried by storm. Subjoined are some of the names of the Irish men who fell [[or were wounded in this first struggle for freedom on Victorian soil : Killed. — John Hynes, County Clare, Patrick Gittings]], Clare ; Thomas O'Neil, Kilkenny ; George Patrick Mullens, Kilkenny; John Diamond, Donaghy, Donegal; Edward Quinn, William Quinlan, Cavan. Mortally Wounded. — Thaddeus Moore, County Clare ; James Brown, Edward McGlynn, Wexford. Wounded and Subsequently Recovered.— Peter Lalor, Queen's County; Patrick Hanofin, County Kerry ; Michael Hanly, Tipperary ; Michael O'Neil, Thomas Callanan, Thomas Callinan, Patrick Callanan, Clare; James Warner, Cork; Luke Sheehan, Michael Morrison, Galway; Denis Dynon, Clare.[71]

Also See

Country of Origin

James Brown (From Ireland)

Richard Ireland

References

  1. Thomas Keneally, The Great Shame,1999; Richard Reid, Not Just Ned: A True History of the Irish in Australia, An Essay by Richard Reid, senior curator of the National Museum of Australia, https://www.nma.gov.au/exhibitions/not-just-ned/background, accessed 30 October 2021.
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  3. Dorothy Wickham, November 2021
  4. Dorothy Wickham, Beyond the Wall, MPhil, Australian Catholic University, 2003, Appendix 3.
  5. Dorothy Wickham, Women of the Diggings: Ballarat 1854, BHS Publishing, 2009.
  6. http://justgroundsonline.com/group/the-alliance-australia/forum/topics/the-eureka-rebellion?xg_source=activity
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This page researched and compiled by Dorothy Wickham and Clare Gervasoni.


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